Al Qaim, Iraq: From a desert hillside guarded by Iraqi Shiite paramilitaries, commander Qasim Muslih can spot Daesh hideouts across the frontier in Syria.
But he also keeps a wary eye on US warplanes soaring overhead.
“The Americans are spying on us,” he said, squinting skywards. “But we can hold the borders. We’ll fight whoever lays a finger on Iraq and its holy shrines.” The fighters Muslih commands are part of the Popular Mobilisation Forces (PMF), a grouping of mostly Shi’ite militias backed by Iran, which the United States regards as the biggest threat to security in the Middle East.
The PMF has been deploying in growing numbers at the border, fearing hundreds of Daesh militants who fled Iraq are trying to cross back into Iraqi territory.
The deployment is strengthening the PMF’s de facto control over large stretches of the frontier while its leaders are calling for a formal, permanent role securing the border. But with fewer Sunni militants to contend with on the Iraqi side a year after Baghdad declared victory over Daesh, many Shiite paramilitaries now see the United States as a bigger threat.
The White House has indicated the US military presence is as much about countering Iran’s influence as fighting Daesh, which is also known as Isis. Asked about the suggestion of spying on the PMF, a coalition spokesman said: “The Coalition is concerned with the enduring defeat of Daesh.” As the battle against a mutual foe rumbles on, Washington and Tehran are keeping a close eye on each other in this part of the region, raising the risk of new violence.
The PMF officially became part of Iraq’s security forces this year after playing an important role fighting Daesh.
Factions including Iran-backed groups that fight inside Syria have concentrated their recent build-up around the town of Al Qaim, which was recaptured from Daesh in November 2017 and was the last Daesh bastion in Iraq to fall last year.
The PMF control movement in and out of the town near the border with Syria. One commander, Abu Saif Al Tamimi, said the PMF now held a 240 kilometre stretch of frontier in the area.
“We’re ready to take over security,” Muslih said in Al Qaim.
“We liberated these areas and didn’t need help from the Americans.” Military commanders in units not allied with Iran say US ir power was crucial to the defeat of Daesh in a three-year campaign involving the military, Iraqi Kurdish fighters and the PMF.
US forces have kept their bases in place. On the road to Al Qaim, US armoured vehicles passed PMF pickup trucks with masked fighters behind machine guns.
‘Wild West situation’
South of the town there are signs of growing PMF control and an increasingly crowded battlefield. The watchtowers of Iraq’s border guard which nominally polices the frontier disappear, and the paramilitaries are the only force. Flags of Shiite factions fly at outposts a short drive from one of the US bases.
In Syria, the US coalition supports Kurdish-led forces who control areas east of the Euphrates and have been fighting off a new Daesh offensive. In Iraq, it supports the Iraqi military.
Fighting the militants on the other side of the river is the Syrian army, backed by Iran, Russia and the PMF, whose elite factions straddle the frontier. A fighter at one outpost said a US warplane recently made a low pass over their position. “They’re trying to scare us,” he said.
Tension rose in June when the PMF blamed the United States for the deaths of 22 of its fighters in an air strike near the border and threatened to retaliate.
The US coalition denied involvement in the strike. A US official, speaking on condition of anonymity, said “outright” aggression was not expected by Shiite militias before Daesh was fully defeated. “The question is what are they going to do once things are done,” the official said.
The build-up of forces already risks a clash even if both sides wish to avoid it, said Philip Smyth, an analyst at the Washington Institute for Near East Policy.
“Nearly every major Iranian-backed Shiite militia has forces deployed near Al Qaim ... that is the glowing hot dot on the map,” he said. “The danger is always there (and) the Americans clearly don’t have the forces to handle that. We only have a couple of thousand guys in the area. If the militias want to turn on the problems, they can. It’s a Wild West situation.” Muslih said there were 20,000 fighters deployed near the border under his command, from Al Qaim to areas to the southwest near Jordan, and more reinforcements were ready. The PMF is estimated to have a total of about 150,000 fighters.
Iran is seeking to secure its growing sway over a corridor of territory from Tehran to Beirut.
Washington says it is prepared to counter that with force.
“We’re not going to leave as long as Iranian troops are outside Iranian borders and that includes Iranian proxies,” White House national security adviser John Bolton said in September.
Powerful political allies
The US coalition says it is focused on defeating Daesh militants who analysts estimate number thousands along the frontier.
“The Coalition has an outstanding relationship with the Iraqi security forces and all decisions are made with close coordination with our partners,” coalition spokesman Colonel Sean Ryan said.
But those partners do not include the PMF, and this complicates coordination and Washington’s relations with Baghdad. The PMF has powerful political allies, some of whom have seats in Iraq’s parliament and say they seek an end to the US military presence in Iraq.
“The army coordinates with the US but doesn’t understand the threat posed by the American presence,” Muslih said.
Qais Al Khazali, a powerful militia leader whose political wing counts 15 parliamentary seats, told Reuters in an interview there was no reason for US combat troops to remain.
Formed in 2014 as an unofficial umbrella group for Shiite fighters battling Daesh, the PMF has always been dominated by factions close to Iran, and now reports to Iraq’s prime minister.
A recent wage increase from the government brought PMF pay into line with that of Iraqi soldiers. Many PMF commanders say they are now funded only by the Iraqi state, but praise Iran for support that has included weapons and advisers.
“Iran sent everything when we needed help,” Muslih said. “America is an enemy.”
