Andy Warhol once said: “Making money is art.” But what about making money from art?
There is a boom in the global art market that is delivering some eye-popping returns for buyers in the past few years, drawing new collectors keen to invest in an asset class that offers cultural as well as financial appreciation.
For example, last month Irish horse breeder John Magnier got around $150 million for a painting by Amedeo Modigliani in New York at Sotheby’s, thanks to a third-party guarantee. He paid $26.9 million for the work in 2003.
For many investors, the market has grown too big to ignore. Last year, global sales of art reached $63.7 billion, according to an Art Basel and UBS report. Art has delivered average annual returns of 8.9 per cent since 2000, an index tracked by Artprice.com shows.
But the market is opaque, unregulated and sometimes extremely illiquid.
Gallery owners and auction houses charge commissions of 25 per cent or more, sometimes negotiable, and art buyers must avoid the pitfalls of forgeries, fakes and rapidly changing tastes.
“In the art market, there are no rules, that’s why it is such a minefield and why it has such opportunities,” says Wendy Goldsmith, a London-based adviser in modern and contemporary art. “When I start with a new client, half my job is to say no, especially to people from finance who think because they can master one market they can master any market.”
While some collectors have made fortunes, Goldsmith says the world is littered with warehouses of art that have depreciated as much as 90 per cent. To help navigate these treacherous waters, we asked three of the world’s most successful art buyers for advice on starting a collection.
Uli and Rita Sigg
Uli Sigg, 72, has amassed probably the world’s most comprehensive collection of Chinese contemporary art, having bought more than 2,500 works since the late 1990s when he was the Swiss ambassador to China. When he started, China had only one commercial gallery and Sigg traversed the country visiting artists in their studios and buying up works from the likes of Ai Weiwei, Zhang Xiaogang and Zeng Fengzhi. Even the most expensive items cost him little more than $10,000 at the time. Today many of them sell for millions.
Today’s art market is a far cry from 20 years ago. The Internet and a proliferation of art fairs has made more art accessible to more people than ever before. Buyers from Europe, the Middle East and China are all chasing the same works.
“The time available to make a decision has shortened dramatically,” says Sigg. “Now, when you go to an art fair, you have one hour to decide whether or not to spend [your money].”
Advice: Do your homework first. Once a work catches your eye, read up as much as you can about the artist and scour the Internet for past sales results on auction house websites and third party providers such as Artnet and Artprice. Check the C.V. too. The chances of appreciation in value are much better when an artist’s works have been featured in reputable galleries or acquired by major museums, Sigg says.
The best way to avoid buyer’s remorse is to know yourself. “Are you impulsive? Are you a cool rational person? Think about yourself and know your blind spots and weaknesses before you buy.”
Market value versus personal worth
Kim & Lito Camacho
Kim Camacho’s love affair with octogenarian Japanese artist Yayoi Kusama started in 2004 when she saw the artist’s trademark polka dots and worm-like squiggles at a museum in Tokyo. “I was blown away,” Kim, 62, recalls. “I asked my interpreter how I could buy her, and was told it was impossible.”
Kusama’s works have often been exhibited in the UAE at various art venues.
A year later, after the Filipino couple moved to Singapore so Lito could take up his job as vice-chairman of Credit Suisse Asia, they received a gallery invitation for Kusama addressed to the previous tenant. “We didn’t choose Yayoi, she chose us,” says Kim.
The couple bought their first Kusama for S$10,000 ($7,500) “” one of the artist’s “infinity net” works from the 1960s. “At the beginning, I was literally buying as much as I could. Like Kusama, I’m obsessive.” As their collection grew, they sometimes sold off lesser works in order to buy better ones.
That strategy of “buying deep” paid off. Their Kusamas have risen between 20 and 30 times in value. “This has been our best performing asset by far; better than private equity, stocks, bonds or property,” says Lito, 62.
Today, they have more than 100 of Kusama’s works. Their works by Japanese artists Atsuko Tanaka and Kazuo Shiraga have appreciated about ninefold in the past 10-12 years. “When the market values it more than I do, I let it go, when I value a piece more than the market does, I buy,” says Kim.
Advice: Art fairs are a great opportunity to get exposure to all kinds of art, especially for neophytes who might otherwise find walking into a private gallery intimidating. With as many as 5,000 works on display at the bigger events, it’s best to have a strategy mapped out in advance.
“Do not be impulsive,” cautions Lito. “Do your research and don’t buy some random artist on day one.”
Don’t buy random works
J Tomilson and Janine Hill
“Nobody wakes up one morning and says I want to be a collector,” says Tom Hill, 69, the billionaire vice chairman of Blackstone Group. He and his wife Janine started buying art to decorate the walls of their first New York apartment in 1980, acquiring some still-life oils by 19th century Danish painter Johan Laurentz Jensen. “It’s not like anybody has a pre-conceived idea of an endgame. Collecting is an iterative process.”
For the Hills, the next iteration was Italian renaissance and baroque bronzes, followed in the 1990s by pop-art superstar Warhol.
“Back then, Warhol was literally in the [dumps] from the market’s point of view, so I bought a hand-painted Campbell’s soup can for like $400,000,” Hill says. In 2010, a similar-sized soup can painting sold for $9 million at auction.
From there they moved on to Willem de Kooning, Francis Bacon and Christopher Wool, whose works he still buys, despite the now stratospheric prices. (In 2014, a work by Wool sold at auction for $26.4 million, an appreciation of roughly 350,000 per cent in 25 years.)
Advice: Hill recommends selecting artists and works that appeal to you artistically, rather than worrying too much about how the work will perform in the short term.
“Markets are fickle and you gotta buy it because you like it,” he says. “When you chase something that is really great, you pay more than it is worth at that moment.”
Remember, even the greatest painters had off days.
“Picasso, de Kooning, Bacon are all guilty of doing less good work, not everything is a 10,” he says. “If it’s only an 8, invariably you will have a lot harder time selling it.”
You don’t have to start with millions — $1,000 will do
While buying a $20 million Picasso may not be the best way to start building a collection, Edie Hu, art advisory specialist for Citi Private Bank in Hong Kong, says you shouldn’t go too low.
“You can buy stuff for $1,000 but most likely it is not going to appreciate much,” says Hu. “$20,000 in an established gallery is a good starting place. An artist who is signed on and has a reputation.”
Most of all, building a successful collection is a long term ambition as you gain knowledge and experience. Just like other investments, there will be losses as well as gains.
Many contemporary artists will enjoy manic appreciation in value, while some, on a bad patch, will see their work’s value plummet. You need to be aware of the gaps between the graph.
