I first visited Safwan, a dusty town on the Iraq side of the border with Kuwait, in early 2003, a few weeks before the start of the US-led invasion. Coalition forces were deploying a few miles to the south, waiting for the order to smash through the long man-made berm separating the two countries. Laith, my government-appointed Iraqi minder, knew what horrors were to come.
As a young infantryman during the 1991 ejection of Saddam Hussain’s troops from Kuwait, Laith had lost many comrades in that vicinity. In the retreat, he had carried the body of one soldier for several miles, and buried it in a ditch on the Iraqi side of the border late one night. He had meant to recover the remains eventually, for a proper internment. But it was months before he was able return, and by then he couldn’t recognise the landscape.
It haunted Laith still, the thought that the soldier’s family would never know where their son lay. “Maybe he’s there, under all that mud,” he said, pointing despairingly to the berm.
I was thinking of Laith’s story recently, when I saw images of a solemn ceremony at Safwan: Iraqi soldiers, led by an army major general, handed over the remains of 48 Kuwaitis who had disappeared during the 1990-91 occupation. More than 550 other Kuwaitis remain unaccounted for — and nobody knows how many hundreds of Iraqi soldiers were hastily laid to rest in the dark. But at least some families can now bury their dead.
Kuwait has promised to invest heavily in the reconstruction of Iraqi cities devastated in the war against the Daesh. There are also plans to set up special economic zones on the border, allowing each side freer access to the other’s markets.
The ceremony also marks an important milestone in the journey Kuwait and Iraq have travelled toward normal relations since the fall of Saddam Hussain in 2003. The dictator had encouraged Iraqis to regard the little emirate much as mainland Chinese view Taiwan: a rogue province that must one day return to the motherland. These days, Iraqi leaders say bygones should be bygones.
Last month, Prime Minister Adel Abdul Mahdi declared that “the future prospects are far greater than the fears and obstacles between the two countries.” Earlier in the summer, Kuwait’s emir visited Baghdad, his first solo trip there; President Barham Salih of Iraq travelled to Kuwait City for the first time last winter.
This diplomatic confidence-building has great strategic purpose for Baghdad. Iraq, caught between two regional crises — the face off between the US and Iran in the Gulf, and the deepening animosity between Gulf states and the Tehran regime — recognises Kuwait as a relatively safe harbour. The emirate maintains cordial relationships with all three of those antagonists, allowing it to deepen economic ties with Iraq without arousing suspicion or animosity.
For Kuwait, Iraq is a giant market and investment opportunity at its doorstep. It is also an escape from other tensions in the Arabian Peninsula. Iraq is one of the few places in the neighbourhood where Kuwait can stretch its foreign-policy legs.
This overlap of interests is already bearing fruit. Iraq and Kuwait are planning to jointly develop oilfields, one of them in the Safwan area. It’s an opportunity to set aside decades-old disputes over the ownership of the land, and what lies beneath. (Remember that Saddam Hussain, in building a justification for the 1990 occupation, claimed Kuwait was stealing Iraqi oil.) Kuwaitis have also been helping the development of gasfields in southern Iraq. For Baghdad, these projects hold out the possibility of developing a hydrocarbons strategy independent from Iranian, Saudi and US interests.
Beyond oil, Kuwait has promised to invest heavily in the reconstruction of Iraqi cities devastated in the war against the Daesh. There are also plans to set up special economic zones on the border, allowing each side freer access to the other’s markets; last month, the commerce ministers of both countries visited a potential site for one of these — in Safwan.
It will probably be years before all the remains of the 1990-91 conflict are found; my minder Laith, who fled Iraq after Saddam Hussain’s fall, will never locate his fallen comrade. But Iraq and Kuwait are burying their differences, and that’s good for everyone.
— Bloomberg
Bobby Ghosh is a columnist. He writes on foreign affairs, with a special focus on the Middle East and the wider Islamic world.
