Explainer: Why Australia is battling floods again

Torrential rain is lashing Australia's southeast coast, forcing thousands of people from their homes because of the danger of floods and landslides in a region battered by major flooding four times in the past 18 months. Some areas in New South Wales state have received a month's rain in the past two days, swelling rivers and forcing Sydney's main dam, the Warragamba Dam, to spill on the weekend. Above: People kayak along a flooded street from the overflowing Hawkesbury river due to torrential rain in the Windsor suburb of Sydney.

Flooding in March and April in New South Wales and southeast Queensland state resulted in A$4.8 billion ($3.3 billion) in insured damage, the Insurance Council of Australia estimated. Above: People stand next to a flooded petrol station due to torrential rain in the Camden suburb of Sydney.

WHAT IS CAUSING THE INCESSANT RAIN? Australia has been exposed to the La Nina weather phenomenon in the Pacific Ocean two years in a row, which typically brings above average rainfall on the east coast. The La Nina event ended in June, but there is a 50-50 chance it may re-form later this year, the Bureau of Meteorology. Above: An emergency crew rescues two ponies from a flooded area in Milperra, Sydney metropolitan area.

Warm ocean sea surface temperatures and another phenomenon, the Indian Ocean Dipole, are bringing wetter than normal weather. The Indian Ocean Dipole index turned negative in May, increasing the chances of above average winter and spring rainfall for most of Australia, the weather bureau said in June. The Australian winter runs from June through August. Above: Emergency crew members rescue dogs from a flooded area in the Sydney suburb of Lansvale.

"The dice is loaded towards a high probability of rain events occurring at least in the next few months because of all those conditions," said Tom Mortlock, a senior catastrophe analyst at insurer Aon. During a negative Indian Ocean Dipole, the eastern Indian Ocean is warmer than normal and the western Indian Ocean, near Africa, is cooler, causing more moisture-filled air to flow towards Australia. Above: A New South Wales State Emergency Service (SES) crew is seen in a rescue boat as roads are submerged under floodwater from the swollen Hawkesbury River in Windsor, northwest of Sydney.

CLIMATE CHANGE: While it is difficult to attribute any single flood to climate change, Mortlock said the increased frequency of heavy rain was consistent with what could be expected from climate change, as warmer air holds more moisture in the atmosphere. "Most climate models are suggesting increases in the frequency of rain events in Australia," he said. Above: Debris is seen as the Windsor Bridge is submerged under floodwater from the swollen Hawkesbury River in Windsor, north west of Sydney,

DEVELOPMENT IN FLOOD-PRONE AREA: Western Sydney's Hawkesbury-Nepean valley is a floodplain, prone to dangerous flooding due to a "bathtub effect", the New South Wales State Emergency Service says. The valley is fed by five tributaries and has chokepoints limiting flows to the sea, so water backs up during heavy rain. Heavy rain driven by La Nina over the past two years has saturated the ground and filled dams, creating conditions for flash floods. "There's practically no infiltration capacity left in any of the catchments on the east coast," Mortlock said.

Sydney's rapid population growth over the last few decades has pushed development into the floodplain. Before the recent floods, there had not been any major floods for about three decades, which meant officials approving land development applications may have believed the risk of flooding was low. "When you don't have it for a long time, there has been quite a lot of complacency," said Ian Wright, an environmental scientist at Western Sydney University. Above: Residents look out toward flooded buildings next to the old Windsor Bridge along the overflowing Hawkesbury River in the northwestern Sydney suburb of Windsor.

Flood waters surround an industrial property in Londonderry on the outskirts of Sydney. Above: Flood waters surround an industrial property in Londonderry on the outskirts of Sydney.

Shortages of building materials and labour mean thousands of people are waiting for repairs from the previous disasters, Wright said. Adding to the vulnerability, many lower income residents in western Sydney cannot afford flood insurance. Above: An emergency vehicle blocks access to the flooded Windsor Bridge on the outskirts of Sydney, Australia.

The new Labor government wants to be more proactive in tackling disaster risk, Emergency Management Minister Murray Watt has said. "More often than not, it's not the wealthy people living in the cheap land on the floodplain, it's the people who can't afford to live on top of the hill," Watt said last week. Above: A general view shows a flooded area from the overflowing Hawkesbury river.

The government plans to set up a Disaster Ready Fund to provide up to A$200 million a year for disaster prevention and resilience programmes.