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Giant ship Ever Given blocks Suez Canal: Why the Suez Canal is so important

Here are some basics on the history of the Suez Canal



Workers try to move the Ever Given vessel on the Suez Canal.
Image Credit: Reuters

The 120-mile-long artificial waterway known as the Suez Canal has been a potential flashpoint for geopolitical conflict since it opened in 1869. Now the canal, a vital international shipping passage, is in the news for a different reason: A quarter-mile-long, Japanese-owned container ship en route from China to Europe has been grounded in the canal for days, blocking more than 100 vessels and sending tremors through the world of maritime commerce.

Here are some basics on the history of the canal, how it operates, how the vessel got stuck and what it means.

Where is the Suez Canal?

A: The canal is in Egypt, connecting Port Said on the Mediterranean Sea to the Indian Ocean via the southern Egyptian city of Suez on the Red Sea. The passage enables more direct shipping between Europe and Asia, eliminating the need to circumnavigate Africa and cutting voyage times by days or weeks.

The canal is the world's longest without locks, which connect bodies of water at differing altitudes. With no locks to interrupt traffic, the transit time from end to end averages about 13 to 15 hours, according to a description of the canal by GlobalSecurity.org.

A map shows a traffic jam in the Suez Canal, Egypt March 25, 2021.
Image Credit: Reuters
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Who built the Suez Canal and when?

A: The canal, originally owned by French investors, was conceived when Egypt was under the control of the Ottoman Empire in the mid-19th century. Construction began at the Port Said end in early 1859, the excavation took 10 years, and the project required an estimated 1.5 million workers.

According to the Suez Canal Authority, the Egyptian government agency that operates the waterway, 20,000 peasants were drafted every 10 months to help construct the project with "excruciating and poorly compensated labor." Many workers died of cholera and other diseases.

Political tumult in Egypt against the colonial powers of Britain and France slowed progress on the canal, and the final cost was roughly double the initial $50 million projected.

A satellite image shows stranded container ship Ever Given run around in the Suez Canal, Egypt March 25, 2021. | At least 150 ships were waiting for the Ever Given to be cleared, including vessels near Port Said on the Mediterranean Sea, Port Suez on the Red Sea and those already stuck in the canal system on Egypt's Great Bitter Lake, said Leth Agencies, which provides services for the canal.
Image Credit: Reuters

Which country controls the canal now?

A: The British powers that controlled the canal through the first two world wars withdrew forces there in 1956 after years of negotiations with Egypt, effectively relinquishing authority to the Egyptian government led by President Gamal Abdel Nasser.

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What was the ‘Suez Crisis’ that nearly led to war?

A: The crisis began in 1956 when Egypt's president nationalized the canal after the British had departed. He took other steps that were deemed security threats by Israel and its Western allies, leading to a military intervention by Israeli, British and French forces.

The crisis briefly closed the canal and raised the risk of entangling the Soviet Union and the United States. It ended in early 1957 under an agreement supervised by the United Nations, which sent its first peacekeeping force to the area. The outcome was seen as a triumph for Egyptian nationalism, but its legacy was an undercurrent in the Cold War.

The Suez crisis was also a theme in Season 2, Episode 1 of "The Crown," the acclaimed Netflix series about Britain's royals, as the British prime minister at the time, Anthony Eden, struggled over how to respond.

Has the canal ever been closed since then?

A: Egypt closed the canal for nearly a decade after the 1967 Arab-Israeli war, when the waterway was basically a front line between Israeli and Egyptian military forces. Fourteen cargo ships, which became known as the "Yellow Fleet," were trapped in the canal until it was reopened in 1975 by Nasser's successor, Anwar Sadat.

A few accidental groundings of vessels have closed the canal since then. The most notable, until this week, was a three-day shutdown in 2004 when a Russian oil tanker ran aground.

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Was the Suez Canal designed to handle the huge vessel that grounded?

A: The beached vessel, the Ever Given, which is operated by the Evergreen Shipping line, is one of the world's largest container ships, about the length of the Empire State Building.

Although the canal was originally engineered to handle much smaller vessels, its channels have been widened and deepened several times, most recently six years ago at a cost of more than $8 billion.

In a photo from the Suez Canal Authority, a boat navigates in front of the Ever Given, a container ship operated by a company called Evergreen, which has blocked all traffic in the Suez Canal when it became wedged there. | The ship, owned by the Japanese firm Shoei Kisen KK, has blocked traffic in the canal, causing headaches for global trade. Around 10% of world trade flows through the canal, which is particularly crucial for the transport of oil. The closure also could affect oil and gas shipments to Europe from the Middle East.
Image Credit: NYT

What led to the vessel’s grounding, and what’s being done about it now?

A: Poor visibility and high winds, which made the Ever Given's stacked containers act like sails, are believed to have pushed it off course and led to its grounding.

Salvagers have tried a number of remedies: pulling it with tugboats, dredging underneath the hull and using a front-end loader to excavate the eastern embankment, where the bow is stuck. But the vessel's size and weight, 200,000 metric tons, had frustrated salvagers as of Thursday night.

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Some marine salvage experts have said nature might succeed where tugs and dredgers have failed. A seasonal high tide on Sunday or Monday could add roughly 18 inches of depth to the canal, perhaps floating the ship.

The 400-meter, 224,000-tonne Ever Given container ship, leased by Taiwan's Evergreen Marine Corp, is seen blocking the Suez Canal in this European Space Agency Copernicus Sentinel-2 satellite Image distributed courtesy of Maxar Technologies taken March 24, 2021. European Space Agency Copernicus Sentinel-2 Satellite Image /via Maxar Technologies/Handout via REUTERS ATTENTION EDITORS - THIS IMAGE HAS BEEN SUPPLIED BY A THIRD PARTY. MANDATORY CREDIT. NO RESALES. NO ARCHIVES.
Image Credit: via REUTERS

What are the ramifications if the Ever Given remains stuck?

A: That depends on how long the canal, which is believed to handle about 10% of global maritime commercial traffic, is closed. TradeWinds, a maritime industry news publication, said that with more than 100 ships waiting to traverse the canal, it could take more than a week just for that backlog to clear.

A prolonged closure could be hugely expensive for the owners of ships waiting to transit the canal. Some may decide to cut their losses and reroute their vessels around Africa.

The owner of the Ever Given is already facing millions of dollars in insurance claims and the cost of emergency salvage services. Egypt's government, which received $5.61 billion in revenue from canal tolls in 2020, also has a vital interest in refloating the Ever Given and reopening the waterway.

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