Using oil to back anti-Americanism

President Hugo Chavez of Venezuela has recently accused United States President George W. Bush of plotting to assassinate him, made suggestive comments about Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice, visited Fidel Castro in Cuba, bashed the United States on the Al Jazeera television network and travelled to Libya to receive an award from Muammar Gaddafi.

Such bluster and anti-American showmanship are nothing new from the fiery former paratrooper. But concern in Washington has been rising as Chavez has worked feverishly in recent months to match his words with deeds.

Since threatening to cut off oil shipments to the United States, which buys 1.5 million barrels a day from Venezuela, Chavez has been travelling the globe looking for new markets and allies to unite against "the imperialist power".

He recently signed energy deals with France, India and China, which is searching for new sources of oil to power its industrial expansion. Chavez also has made arms purchases, including one for military helicopters from Russia.

Secret programme

Last Friday, Chavez hosted President Mohammad Khatami of Iran, a nation that has a secretive nuclear programme and has been labelled by Bush as part of an "axis of evil".

"Iran has every right … to develop atomic energy and to continue its research in that area," Chavez said at a joint appearance with Khatami.

"All over the world, there is a clamour for equality ... and profound rejection of the imperialist desires of the US government. Faced with the threat of the US government against our brother people in Iran, count on us for all our support."

Gerver Torres, a former Venezuelan government minister who now runs a private development agency, said such statements illustrate one of Chavez's key goals.

"His main motivation now is to do everything he possibly can to negatively affect the United States, Bush in particular," Torres said. "He is trying to bring together all the enemies of the United States. He believes the United States is the devil."

While American analysts said they doubt Chavez could afford to severely cut shipments to the United States, which buys 60 per cent of Venezuela's oil exports, they are paying careful attention to his statements.

Senator Richard Lugar, Republican, Indiana, has asked the Government Accountability Office to study how a sharp decrease in Venezuelan oil imports might affect the US economy.

Although Chavez has suggested he would "use oil" to fight American power, other Venezuelan officials have expressed a far more businesslike view of the relationship.

In an interview, Andres Izarra, Chavez's information minister, said Venezuela had no plans to stop selling oil to the United States, which he called "our natural energy market".

The government says it produces 3.1 million barrels a day of oil, but independent analysts put the figure closer to 2.6 million.

Izarra said the country aimed to boost its oil production to about 5 million barrels a day in the next five years, so there would be plenty of oil to serve both the United States and new customers, such as China and India.

Still, Chavez's comments and actions, including the purchase of a substantial amount of foreign arms, have drawn sharp criticism from American officials. In her Senate confirmation hearings in January, Rice called Chavez a "negative force in the region".

Chavez's arms purchases from Russia, including 100,000 Kalashnikov rifles, have also drawn protests from the State Department. He has bought military aircraft from Brazil and announced plans to buy radar equipment from China.

In a recent televised speech, Chavez described the arms purchases and a plan to increase army reserve troops as "an honourable answer to President Bush's intention of being the master of the world".

Chavez is the most vocal and visible symbol of a rising tide of anti-American sentiment in Latin America.

Leaders in the region are increasingly disillusioned because a decade or more of the Washington prescription democracy and free-market economics has failed to alleviate poverty and economic inequality.

Six Latin American nations, most recently Uruguay, have presidents whose views clash, in varying degrees, with Washington's. Another politician with sharp anti-Washington views, Mexico City Mayor Andres Manuel Lopez Obrador, is the early favourite in next year's presidential election.

After soundly defeating his domestic opposition in a recall referendum last August, and flush with soaring profits from record-high global oil prices, Chavez has increasingly been making deals with countries in Latin America, Europe, the Middle East and Asia, positioning himself as something of an anti-Bush.

"He wants to become a famous leader of the Third World," said Luis Vicente Leon, a pollster and political analyst in Caracas, the Venezuelan capital. "He wants to create a group of countries defending themselves against the intervention of the United States."

In a recent interview on Al Jazeera, Chavez called for developing nations to unite against US political and economic policies. "What can we do regarding the imperialist power of the United States? We have no choice but to unite," he said.

Venezuela's energy alliances with nations such as Cuba, which receives cheap oil, are an example of how "we use oil in our war against neo-liberalism", he said. Or, as he put it on another occasion, "We have invaded the United States, but with our oil."

Izarra, in the interview, accused the United States of "systematic attacks and aggressions" against Chavez, repeating allegations that the United States was involved in a failed 2002 coup against Chavez and a crippling 2002-03 oil strike. Rice and other US officials have repeatedly denied those allegations.

Chavez has saved some of his most biting sarcasm for Rice, whom he refers to as "Condolencia", which means "condolence". In speeches, he has called her "pathetic" and illiterate and made oblique sexual references to her.

"I cannot marry Condolencia, because I am much too busy," he said in a recent speech. "I have been told that she dreams about me," he said on another occasion.

Chavez asserted on television last month that Castro had warned him that Bush was planning an assassination attempt. US officials called this ridiculous.

But Chavez said that if he were killed, the United States "can forget Venezuelan oil", threatening to cut off the fourth-largest source of US oil imports. Chavez's government has begun exploring the sale of parts of Citgo, the Venezuela-owned retailer in the United States.

Many in Caracas say they believe Chavez dreams of the day he can cut off the United States.

Chavez visited Beijing in December and signed trade deals for oil and gas exploration, farm support and construction. He even reached agreement with Chinese leaders to launch a telecommunications satellite.

Kevin Sullivan is a joint winner of 2003 Pulitzer Prize for International Reporting.