London: Russia's invasion of Ukraine, and the subsequent targeting of Russia's overseas money, threatens to end the British capital's near 50-year run as the plutocrat's playground of choice.
While plenty will welcome the possible demise of "Londongrad" - the soubriquet attached to the UK capital because of all the Russian cash swilling around its housing market - the city's real-estate firms are less thrilled about a broader clampdown on secretive foreign capital.
Boris Johnson's Conservative government, embarrassed into action by Putin's war, has finally published legislation to force the disclosure of who owns London's finest addresses. For a luxury real-estate industry that's already had a lean few years, that isn't cause for celebration.
"We shouldn't rely on the attractions of London housing being sufficiently high that people will shrug it off no matter what we throw at them," says Trevor Abrahmsohn, a broker who worked on the 2008 sale of Witanhurst, the city's biggest private home, reportedly to billionaire Andrey Guryev.
Russian bargains
Russian billionaire Roman Abramovich, like many other Russians with extensive British interests, hasn't even been added to the UK's sanctions list. But he's not dallying. He's put Chelsea Football Club up for sale, as well as his London residences, according to Labour Party lawmaker Chris Bryant. These include a 15-bedroom pad close to Kensington Palace and an opulent riverside flat in Chelsea.
Opportunistic London buyers are already sniffing around for Russian bargains, several agents say. People are offering 30 per cent below market rates, says Gary Hersham, founder of Beauchamp Estates, though there's no evidence yet of anyone selling at those prices.
"We've had a dozen emails from potential buyers saying we're cash ready if you can get it for me," Hersham adds. Becky Fatemi, a buying agent, says she's fielded about 40 calls from potential buyers looking for rushed sales, and two deals had fallen through.
This temporary burst of activity among those hoping for a fire sale hasn't quelled the anxiety of property brokers who've made fortunes from overseas tycoons drawn to the U.K.'s previous "ask no questions" regime.
Britain's politicians have long dragged their feet over addressing the opaque foreign ownership of residential property, a store of dubious wealth for decades. Russia becoming a pariah means they must be seen to act, especially given the financial donations made by Russians to Johnson's party. Anti-corruption campaigners aren't convinced that this change of heart is genuine, but the new law promises to create, eventually, a register of overseas owners that are currently hidden behind shell companies in tax havens.
Investors of all nationalities from Asia to the Middle East will be subject to the same disclosure rules, meaning the impact on sales could be considerable.
"Changes like the beneficial ownership register are going to affect the appeal of the prime residential market for a certain category of buyer that prefers to stay anonymous," says Giovanni Gregoratti, Citigroup Inc.'s former head of European real-estate investment banking and current boss of IQON Capital.
Royal escape
Abrahmsohn, founder of property broker Glentree International, dates London's emergence as the favored refuge of the wealthy back to Constantine II, who snapped up a mansion overlooking Hampstead Heath after a Greek coup in 1967. Then came the Middle East's petrodollars. Former Saudi oil minister Sheikh Ahmed Zaki Yamani bought his historic Surrey manor house in 1979 as the Iranian revolution sent crude prices soaring.
The Russians showed up in force from the 90s onward, after the Soviet Union's collapse and the ensuing privatizations that minted vast new fortunes. Glentree did so much business with Moscow emigres that ex-president Mikhail Gorbachev was guest of honor at its 35th anniversary bash on London's Bishops Avenue, nicknamed billionaires row. Between 2010 and last August, there was a 1,200% rise in the number of U.K. properties whose owners' correspondence address is in Russia.
Even though Russians remain in large numbers - 2,327 of the nation's pupils were in British private schools last year, according to the Independent Schools Council - the avalanche of money has eased somewhat since Putin's 2014 annexation of Crimea and the ruble's ensuing collapse.
Asia buyers have come to the fore instead. Abramovich's Kensington mansion has been linked to a Chinese bidder, according to brokers.
The influx of Asia investment hasn't been enough to sustain momentum in London's top-tier housing over the past half a decade, which is why the U.K.'s luxury real-estate industry fears the new crackdown. It wasn't only Crimea that had a negative impact in 2014. In the same year, Chancellor of the Exchequer George Osborne hiked taxes on high-end homes.
Since then Britain has tightened rules for residents whose tax domicile is outside the U.K.; imposed new taxes on company-owned homes; scrapped a visa program designed to lure the rich; and tightened money-laundering checks on lawyers, estate agents and banks.
"London is no longer the laundromat of the world," Abrahmsohn says. "The regulation tail is wagging the dog, it's almost anti-business. We need to encourage foreign capital to this country. We want to be Singapore-on-Thames."
London loopholes
Anti-corruption campaigners couldn't agree less. They argue that Johnson's new measures don't go far enough to stop London being used to clean dubious wealth. The wave of Russia money may have subsided in recent years, but Transparency International estimates that about 1.5 billion pounds ($2 billion) of the city's property has been bought by Russians accused of corruption and with Kremlin links since 2016 alone.
The non-profit had identified several loopholes in the draft legislation for the overseas register, including an 18-month grace period before having to join it. Johnson's government said on Friday that it would shorten that deadline to six months. Critics also say there's insufficient funding for Companies House, the U.K. register of businesses that will help enforce the new rules.
The government has proposed a 500-pound daily fine for any overseas property-owning firm that doesn't disclose its ultimate beneficiary. That equates to 182,500 pounds ($241,648) a year, or 0.00124% of the $19.5 billion net worth of sanctioned Russian billionaire Alisher Usmanov who bought Beechwood House in Highgate for 48 million pounds in 2008.
"It is just too easy for them to walk around this," says Richard Murphy, professor of accounting practice at Sheffield University. "I want to know who are the accountants, the bankers, the lawyers, the financial advisers and the estate agents to these companies - put them on record and make them subject to fines as well."
