BANGON, INDONESIA Few Americans have heard of this village, wedged between peanut farms and a paper mill on the island of Java. But the people here have gained an intimate familiarity with the United States by rooting around in its trash.
They have combed through ripped sleeves of Oreos, empty packages of Trader Joe’s meatballs, discarded “Lord of the Rings” DVDs and dented plastic shampoo bottles. They have even discovered the occasional $20 bill.
“It’s amazing sometimes,” marvelled 43-year-old Eko Wahyudi, “what American people throw away.”
He is one of the many scrap dealers in Bangun, a village of 1,500 families at the receiving end of a transoceanic waste trade worth more than $1.5 billion a year.
The US and other wealthy nations have long sent cargo ships of scrap to Asia, where it is sorted and recycled to fuel industries hungry for raw materials. Indonesia imports large amounts of used paper to turn into cardboard.
A dirty secret of the waste trade, however, is that the paper shipments often include other garbage such as municipal trash that can’t be used in manufacturing.
But even that has value in Indonesia. Paper mills sell the trash to nearby villages, where cottage industries have popped up to pick through it and extract any remaining value.
In Bangun, where most of the 1,500 families work in waste, recyclers are after aluminium cans, metal wire and hard plastic that can be cleaned and fed back into industrial use.
Whatever can’t be resold coloured soda bottles, grocery bags, food packaging winds up lining the roadsides and blanketing fields, catching in trees, tumbling into waterways and turning the village into what some describe as a toxic dump.
The arrangement may not last much longer.
Under pressure from environmental groups, Indonesia and other Asian nations have started cracking down on imports of foreign waste in an effort to reduce soil, water and air pollution.
Since June, Indonesian officials have sent more than 330 containers of waste back to where they came from including at least 148 to the United States because the shipments violated laws against importing household trash or hazardous materials. Hundreds more containers have been seized and are under investigation.
Environmentalists cheered the news. Residents of Bangun had a different reaction.
“Waste from the US means jobs here,” said Wahyudi, who once employed 20 workers to sort trash outside his green-painted house, paying them about $3.50 per day.
As his revenue plunged by 80% this summer, he let several workers go and shifted others to part-time hours.
“Everyone here depends on this trade the rich and the poor,” he said. “Without it, our village suffers.”
Plastic farmers
The scrap trade started here in 1980, when an industrial paper plant opened next to the village. Families that had cultivated peanuts and rice paddies for generations found they could make a quick buck by thumbing through the imported waste the factory didn’t use.
Now they call themselves plastic farmers.
“There’s more money in waste, and you don’t have to wait for a harvest,” said Misna, a woman in her mid-40s who has worked as a scrap picker since she was a teenager.
Misna, who like many Indonesians has only one name, was dragging a rake across a vast open field carpeted with spongy, ankle-deep plastic, trying to unearth anything of value.
Strips of polyethylene bags fluttered in the hot afternoon breeze. Candy wrappers occasionally took flight, like grimy butterflies.
She was focused on a fresh truckload of mixed waste that a group of scavengers had bought for about $15. They hoped to earn double that amount by sorting it and reselling to a scrap dealer.
Misna sat down in the shade of a lean-to next to her 7-year-old granddaughter, sprawled on a patch of scrap. Adjusting her conical hat, Misna began examining bits of plastic, holding each up to the sunlight like a gem as she sorted items into buckets.
Aluminium cans, tubs of detergent and other hard plastic would fetch the most. But the vast majority of the truckload was worthless and would just add to the acres of plastic covering the landscape.
Even some of that gets used as cooking fuel.
A few miles up the road, a truck deposited several large sacks of plastic strips and tattered shopping bags at the entrance to a tin-roofed factory owned by Budi Santoso. Moments later, a shirtless worker combined the plastic with sawdust, lit the mixture on fire and began to fry a large vat of tofu, which Santoso sells to local shops.
The 39-year-old shrugged as dark smoke spewed from the chimney.
“I know burning wood is better,” he said, “but plastic is half the price and easily available.” Neither he nor his dozen workers complained of illness from the fumes.
A problem with trash
Indonesia, a vast archipelago of 270 million people, already struggles with managing its own trash. Its cities generate 115,000 tons of garbage a day 85% of which isn’t recycled, according to the World Bank.
That’s not much compared with what Americans produce, but experts believe that much of Indonesia’s trash ends up in the ocean and other water bodies. Last year, the East Java conservation group Ecoton found traces of microplastics in river fish, apparently from ingesting diapers dumped in the Brantas River.
“Trash from foreign countries just makes this worse,” said the group’s director, Prigi Arisandi.
Indonesia’s waste imports surged in 2018 after China, long the biggest buyer of Western scrap, banned nearly all foreign waste for environmental reasons.
Last year, according to federal trade data, the US exported 452,000 tons of unsorted waste paper to Indonesia, more than in the three previous years combined.
As countries such as the Philippines, Malaysia and Vietnam enact their own restrictions on imported waste, especially mixed plastic, the US is keeping much more of its garbage at home, where it is deposited into landfills or incinerated.
“Countries should sort their own waste and not send their toxic products to Indonesia,” said Alvina Christine Zebua, a customs official at the port in Tanjong Perak. “The Indonesian government is working together to create rules to ensure that waste like this isn’t allowed in the country anymore.”
She expressed little sympathy for Bangun, but the villagers aren’t giving up and have appealed to authorities for licenses so they can continue to work in waste. Few can go back to farming, having sold land to invest in the scrap trade or watched their soil overtaken by plastic.
“For people here, there is nothing more valuable,” Suwarno said. “There is still hope that foreign waste will come back.”
Los Angeles Times
