Sudan must reform or seek bailout to pull economy out of nosedive

But that has served to debase the currency, causing inflation to soar and the value of the Sudanese pound against other currencies to plummet — in turn pushing up the cost of subsidies and widening the deficit even further.

Attempts to raise bread and fuel prices to reduce the cost of subsidies sparked protests that will soon enter their second month. “The riots right now, all that’s going on, it’s just a reflection of the accumulation of the poverty and salaries being where they are and prices that keep going up,” said one Sudanese banker who asked not to be named.

The government announced an emergency 15-month austerity programme in October, but it still offers deep subsidies on basic goods.

Petrol is cheaper in Sudan than almost anywhere else in the world. The government sets the price at 6.17 Sudanese pounds per litre — just under 13 US cents (47 fils) at the official exchange rate, or about 10.6 cents at the black market rate. Diesel sells for 4.25 Sudanese pounds per litre.

For bread, the government pays private traders a 680 Sudanese pound subsidy for each 150kg sack of flour they import. One sack normally costs about 1,230 pounds, one banker said.

The government then sets the retail price of bread at one pound per 40 grammes. The last time it raised the price was in January 2018, increasing a loaf from only half a pound, bankers said — a move that triggered a more limited round of protests.

The effect of subsidies on the deficit is hard to assess clearly, however, since the finance ministry has yet to post the 2018 or 2019 budgets on its website. Much of the cost has been hidden or borne by the central bank, according to IMF reports.

Central bank statistics show that M1 money supply growth rose from as low as an annual 14.3 per cent in April 2016 to 88.3 per cent in April 2018, before slipping back to 76 per cent in August.

With a shortage of cash banknotes, much of the increased money supply was electronic or via cheques.

Printing press bust

This is partly because the country’s sole banknote printing press broke down in early 2018, forcing the central bank to order new banknotes from abroad, three Khartoum bankers said. Customers queue for hours at banks and cash machines.

Public scandals at two separate banks compounded the problem, causing a small run on banks in the second half of 2018, one banker said.

High inflation has led customers to empty their accounts and invest elsewhere, another banker said. Inflation soared to nearly 70 per cent in November, official figures show.

Steve Hanke, an expert in distressed currencies at Johns Hopkins University, estimated the actual annual inflation rate as of January 15 at 91 per cent based on the black market exchange rate and purchasing power parity.

That works out at a month-on-month rate far below the 50 per cent that defines hyperinflation.

But it is still worryingly high, with only Venezuela, Zimbabwe, Iran and Argentina suffering steeper price rises, said Hanke.

“They’re having trouble reducing the subsidies, and they can’t go to the international bond market to get money,” Hanke told Reuters. “So they basically turn on the printing presses.”

Normally, countries in such dire straits would turn to the IMF for support as they implement the painful steps it demands to straighten out their finances.

But Washington lists Sudan as a supporter of terrorism and has promised to veto any request for IMF assistance until it complies with a series of political, humanitarian and security demands.

Over the years, Sudan has also built up a crippling foreign debt burden of more than $50 billion, most of it in arrears, including $1.3 billion owed to the IMF, according to a November 2017 IMF report.