Andy Hall has developed a habit of making flawless, bullish calls on oil and loads of cash for his clients at Astenbeck Capital Management. Of late, the markets have failed to cooperate with Hall.
So, he has renounced his bullish faith. Indeed, he has thrown in the towel on what had been his perma-bullish position on oil.
I must confess that I analysed the oil market a year ago, and came to almost exactly the same conclusion that Andy Hall held. Back in June 2016, my oil-gold ratio model forecasted that oil (WTI) would be $65 per barrel by July 2017 and $70 per barrel at the turn of the year. Well, we haven’t seen those prices yet.
Indeed, WTI sits just shy of $50 per barrel today and has been stuck in a trading range for some time — with it never going above $54.47 per barrel, a price that occurred way back in February. It’s time to ask, why Hall and I got the oil-price bounce-back right, but were too bullish on the trajectory of prices?
To answer the question, I recently re-ran (read: re-calibrated) my oil-gold ratio model.
So, where is the price of oil going from here? To answer that question, one has to have a model — a way of thinking about the problem. In this case, my starting point is Roy W. Jastram’s classic study, “The Golden Constant: The English and American Experience 1560-2007”.
In that work, Jastram finds that gold maintains its purchasing power over long periods of time, with the prices of other commodities adapting to the price of gold. Taking the broad lead from Jastram, I use the price of gold as a long-term benchmark for the price of oil.
The idea being that, if the price of oil changes dramatically, the oil-gold price ratio will change and move away from its long-term value. Forces will then be set in motion to move supply and demand so that the price of oil changes and the long-term oil-gold price ratio is reestablished.
This is nothing more than a reversion to the mean.
I begin my analysis of the current situation by calculating the oil-gold price ratios for each month. For example, in June 2014, oil was at $107.26 per barrel and gold was at $1,314.82 per ounce, yielding an oil-gold price ratio of 0.082.
The ratios for two separate periods are represented in the accompanying histogram — one starting in 1946 and another in 1973 (the post-Bretton Woods period).
Two things stand out in the histogram: the recent oil price collapse was extreme — the February 2016 oil-gold price ratio is way to the left of the distribution, with less than 1 per cent of the distribution to its left.
The second observation is that the ratio is slowly reverting to the mean, with a May 2016 ratio approaching 0.04.
But, how long will it take for the ratio to mean revert? My calculations (based on post-1973 data) are that a 50 per cent reversion of the ratio will occur in 13.7 months. This translates into a predicted price per barrel of WTI of $45.84 by the end of July.
The accompanying chart shows the price projection based on the oil-gold price ratio model. It also shows the historical course of prices. It is worth noting that, like Jastram, I find that oil prices have reverted to the long-run price of gold, rather than the price of gold reverting to that of oil.
So, the oil-gold price ratio reverts to its mean via changes in the price of oil.
So, what about Andy Hall’s new normal? The oil-gold ratio model predicts that the WTI price will sit at $55.53 per barrel at year-end. This is about where Andy Hall has set his revised forecast and $4.50 per barrel above where WTI for December delivery is trading today.
The writer is Professor of Applied Economics at the Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, MD. You can follow him on Twitter: @Steve_Hanke
