Singapore: Singapore is Asia’s Monte Carlo, a playground of the wealthy. The city-state has two casinos, an annual Formula One race, and the third-highest concentration of ultra-rich individuals after Monaco and Geneva. It’s home not just to the “Crazy Rich Asians” caricatured in the eponymous movie but also, increasingly, Brazilian and British billionaires.
Even the affluent in recently turbulent Hong Kong are beginning to find the rival financial centre a safer option for their money (if not yet their persons). So it’s all the more surprising that in the past five years, most of the spending impulse in Singapore has come from those at the bottom of the economic pyramid, while the condo-dwelling bankers and the landed elite have been relatively thrifty.
Consumption patterns are being influenced by cross-currents of technology, changing tastes, government policy, anaemic global growth and low-for-long interest rates. The spending shifts in Singapore will not only shape the local retail landscape, they will inform the debate on issues ranging from the unrest in Hong Kong to a universal basic income as a tool to counter inequality.
Between 2013 and 2018, people living in one- and two-room public housing increased their monthly spending by 3.7 per cent on average, while families in private apartments saw expenditure fall by 0.1 per cent. Households living in landed property, who spent nearly 5 per cent more on average every year between 2008 and 2013, tightened the purse strings to just 0.2 per cent. On a per person basis, the trend comes up the same. So does analysing spending by income groups, rather than types of dwelling.
The findings were released last week as part of the statistics department’s household expenditure survey, a detailed study conducted every five years. But why are Singapore’s rich in hibernation while the masses are boldly spending their incomes?
Technology democratising consumption fits a global pattern. As my colleague Shuli Ren has written, in China, the wallets that are increasingly coveted belong to working-class spenders in cities ranked as Tier 3 and lower. These consumers prefer to shop on sites like Pinduoduo, where everything’s available at a discount. In Singapore, retail is also an important category in the property market. Generation Z “those born after 2000” won’t be mall rats and that has implications for real-estate investment trusts. The impact of slow global growth and low interest rates is visible in the consumption gap. Back in 2008, each member of the richest 20 per cent of households spent S$2,171 ($1,577); her counterpart in the poorest 20 per cent of families spent S$574. The figures for 2018 are S$2,945 and S$942, respectively. The gap has narrowed to 3-to-1 from almost 4-to-1.
Annual income growth, including investment returns, slowed to 2.4 per cent for all families between 2013 and 2018, from 5.3 per cent in the previous survey. But it seems the well-heeled are getting extra gratification by spending little more than before, while the less privileged need to open their wallets a lot wider. That’s partly because 6.8 per cent of the top earners’ consumption is online, compared with just 2.6 per cent for the bottom earners. Negative global interest rates may be bad news for the rentier classes, but the very low inflation or deflation that makes them inevitable is helping the rich more than the masses.
Singapore, however, also shows how to counter this “secular stagnation,” a persistent global downturn that doesn’t respond to easy money. In the 2011 elections, voters expressed frustration over packed subway trains and breakdowns and the government spent billions of dollars to improve the network and subsidise operating losses. Reliability has improved seven-fold since 2015 and residents now spend 2.6 percentage points less of their monthly budget on transportation than a decade ago. The savings seem to have gone into an increase in housing costs, but that largely pinches expatriates, who rent. Since most Singaporeans own their homes, a jump in the imputed rental of owner-occupied homes improves their housing wealth. That’s further boosted by new subway lines coming near where they live.
Hong Kong, by contrast, is too wedded to free markets to create state-led housing and pension wealth for its masses. The anger seen in recent antigovernment protests, ostensibly over an extradition bill, is fed by angst over not having enough voice to force the local administration to tackle such pocketbook issues.
The other message from Singapore could resonate more globally “” how to tackle rising income inequality, a common problem confronting developed countries. Giving everyone $1,000-a-month checks, as US Democratic presidential hopeful Andrew Yang advocates, may not be the best way. Redirecting the taxes paid by the rich to the poor in the form of wage supplements, targeted subsidies, vouchers and some free-to-spend cash can produce better outcomes.
Singapore gave each inhabitant of a one- or two-room apartment S$10,347 last year in such fiscal transfers. Income inequality is lower than before the 2008 crisis, which shows how fiscal policy can fight secular stagnation even though monetary policy is all but powerless. The moneyed folk will still make a splash, like when the vacuum-cleaner billionaire James Dyson snapped up a S$73.8 million penthouse, the costliest in Singapore’s history. But it’s the quiet humming of the cash registers in hawker centers that’s more telling now.
