Pulwama terror attack: Timeline of conflict between India and Pakistan

India and Pakistan have fought two wars and countless skirmishes over Kashmir, the Himalayan region claimed in full by both nuclear-armed rivals.

But rarely have ground troops or air forces crossed the heavily-militarised de facto border, known as the Line of Control (LoC), in Kashmir, between the two foes.

Here are some of the major clashes between the South Asian powers over the flashpoint mountainous territory.

1947: The first war breaks out over Kashmir after the British exit, which led to the "partition" of the subcontinent, dividing it into India and Pakistan. The maharaja (ruler) of Kashmir accedes to India as tribal fighters from Pakistan launch attacks.

1949: A mutually-agreed ceasefire line was drawn in order to resolve the dispute bewteen India and Pakistan over Kashmir.

1965: India and Pakistan fight a second brief war over Kashmir before a ceasefire is declared.

1971: India and Pakistan fight another war — not over Kashmir — but over Islamabad's rule in then-East Pakistan, with New Delhi supporting Bengali nationalists seeking independence for what would become Bangladesh. India's air force conducts bombing raids inside Pakistan.

1972: After the Simla Agreement, India and Pakistan agree to have a “Line of Control” (LoC).

1984: Indian forces seize the Siachen Glacier, a remote and uninhabited territory high in the Karakoram Range, also claimed by Pakistan. The first of many battles are fought over the high-altitude stretch, until a ceasefire is signed in 2003.

1999: Pakistan-backed militants cross the disputed Kashmir border, seizing Indian military posts in the icy heights of the Kargil mountains. Indian troops push the intruders back, ending the 10-week Kargil conflict which costs 1,000 lives on both sides.

2016: India launches what it calls "surgical strikes" on targets in Pakistani Kashmir in September, less than two weeks after a militant attack on an Indian army base leaves 19 soldiers dead. Pakistan denies the strikes took place.

November 2016: seven Indian soldiers are killed after militants disguised as policemen storm a major army base near the frontier with Pakistan.

A suicide bomber crashes a car packed with 300kg of explosives into a convoy of Central Reserve Police Forces (CRPF), killing more than 40 Indian paramilitary personnel, and injuring at least 70. The terror attack took place in Pulwama, about 20km from Srinagar, capital of Jammu and Kashmir territory it controls. India vows retaliation.

India suspends key bus service to Muzaffarabad, the capital of the Pakistani territory of Azad Kashmir.

Congress party slams Modi's apathy after Pulwama attack.

India's Union minister Nitin Gadkari says in New Delhi that India has decided to "stop" the flow of its share of water to Pakistan from rivers under the Indus Waters Treaty (IWT) after the Pulwama terror attack.

Omar Abdullah, former chief minister of Jammu and Kashmir, says Modi is using Pulwama tragedy for political gain.

Top separatist leaders arrested during overnight raids as India launches a major crackdown across the restive Kashmir valley, following the Pulwama bombing that left 49 Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF) personnel dead.

A senior police officer and a militant killed in a gunfight between security forces and militants in Jammu and Kashmir's Kulgam district, police sources said. Deputy Superintendent of Police Aman Thakur and the militant were killed in Turigam village in fighting that also injured an Army Major.  

Pakistani jets violate Indian air space.

With inputs from AFP

Kashmir has been divided between the arch-rivals since the end of British colonial rule in 1947. Both claim the former Himalayan kingdom in full. The conflict between India and Pakistan over Kashmir has led to tens of thousands of civilian deaths.

Scores of Kashmir-based groups are fighting for independence or a merger with Pakistan. New Delhi accuses Islamabad of fueling the insurgency. Pakistan denies India’s charge, saying it only provides diplomatic support to Kashmiris' right to self-determination.

The Kashmir issue remains a sensitive one and had been the cause of conflict between the south Asian neighbours.

Line of Control (LoC) is the de facto, or effective border between India- and Pakistan-controlled parts of Kashmir.

Border: It is a cease-fire boundary that divides Kashmir between the two south Asian nations.

Length: 776 km

Path: Pakistan calls its part Azad Jammu and Kashmir and the Northern Areas (administered by Pakistan); India calls its part Jammu & Kashmir, including Ladakh and the Kashmir Valley (administered by India).

Appearance: It is a line on the map which has recorded multiple skirmishes and open conflict between the two sides. It is clearly demarcated by the militaries.

The Line of Actual Control (LAC) defines the boundary separating parts of Kashmir controlled by India and Pakistan, as well as the boundary between India and China.

LAC is the effective military border which separates Indian-controlled areas of Jammu and Kashmir from Aksai Chin. It is the effective border between China and India. The term LAC got legally recognized during Sino-Indian agreements which were signed in 1993 and 1996. Just like the LOC, LAC has been a sensitive issue.

In 1962, a brief war had killed more than 2,000 people. This war has resulted from the Himalayan border dispute.

Border: Effective border between India-controlled and China-controlled territory.

Length: 4,057km

Path: It traverses three areas of northern Indian states: western (Ladakh, Kashmir), middle (Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh) and eastern (Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh)

Appearance: Not demarcated. It comprises of big empty regions and nearly 50- to 100-km distance is maintained between the two armies.