Khartoum: Buoyed by a win in the disputed Sudan election in April, President Omar Al Bashir continues to thumb his nose at critics at home and abroad, jailing journalists and challenging an arrest warrant for war crimes and genocide.
Al Bashir was in neighbouring Chad on Tuesday on his first visit to a state member of the International Criminal Court since he was indicted in March 2009 for war crimes and crimes against humanity. The ICC ruled July 12 that Al Bashir is now also wanted on genocide charges. The ICC has requested that any member, including Chad, arrest Al Bashir upon arrival in the country.
His controversial visit comes a week after his government handed prison sentences to three Sudanese journalists for writing articles that suggested Al Bashir lacks popular support and that a Sudanese factory is making weapons for Iran and Hamas.
The prison terms, which range from two to five years, are the latest development in a crackdown on local media that began after Sudan's national elections.
Censorship
The crackdown is a stark turnaround from Al Bashir's decision in September 2009 to lift the government's pre-publication censorship of newspapers. The decree was a small concession to Western pressure to create free and fair conditions for Sudan's first democratic election in 24 years.
But Al Bashir's victory in the April polls, after most major opposition parties boycotted the vote, gave his ruling National Congress Party (NCP) almost total control over the institutions of the state, and the new government rapidly moved to shut down several newspapers.
On July 6, the government resumed pre-publication censorship across the board, limiting freedom of expression beyond what it was before the pre-election period.
The three recently jailed journalists all worked for Rai Al Sha'ab, a newspaper of the opposition People's Congress Party (PCP).
Two weeks after Al Bashir's election, the government's ubiquitous internal security agents arrived at the newspaper's office in Khartoum, arrested four journalists, and shut down the paper.
The next day they arrested PCP leader Hassan Turabi, who was imprisoned for 45 days before being released without charge.
Turabi says he was surprised by the government's actions. "I thought they would want to appear democratic for a while - at least to put on a show for the West," he says.
A few days later, pre-publication censorship resumed on three other papers. As the squeeze on opposition voices tightened, it became clear that the ruling regime had no concern about keeping up appearances.
"Immediately since they came back to power, they believe they cannot be touched," says Saleh Mahmoud Othman, a human rights lawyer and member of the Sudanese Communist Party.
Flawed election results
Othman believes that the international community's acceptance of the election results, despite the admission that they were flawed, has emboldened the regime.
Other newspapers have been given a choice to either remove sensitive content or cease publication.
The computer room of the Sudanese Communist Party's Al Midan newspaper is a veritable hive of activity for a paper out of circulation for more than a month. On June 6, security agents demanded the right to censor Al Midan's work before they sent it to the printing press. Al Midan's editor refused, citing the freedom of expression guarantees in Sudan's internationally sponsored Interim Constitution.
But with security agents stationed at the printing press, he could not get his paper published. Since then, Al Midan journalists have continued to come up with a paper three times a week. Each time, they send it to the printing press, and each time it gets sent back. But they are finding other ways to get their message out.
Using a dusty old printer, the Al Midan staff produce 15 black-and-white copies, which they staple together and distribute to civil society groups in the area. And they are also managing to publish on the web.
Website blocked
While the government sometimes blocks their website, journalist Mohammad Al Fadi says that the government's web censorship is "not very sophisticated."
There is a bigger constraint looming, however. With no actual paper to sell, there is no money for staff salaries.
The latest wave of censorship also targets newspapers that are not affiliated to a political party.
"It's really very serious. We don't know when they will close us down," says Alfred Taban, editor of the Khartoum Monitor, which was also placed under pre-publication censorship this month.
With 50 staff to pay, Taban has not accepted the effective ban that would result if he refused the censors. So each night, at about 8pm, security agents come to the Khartoum Monitor office, demanding to see the next day's copy and removing whatever they don't like.
Mostly the journalists scramble to replace the prohibited articles with less sensitive material or with photographs.
Some nights, the need for a small act of defiance wins out, and the journalists leave half a page empty, "to show our readers we are under censorship," Taban says.
Before the elections, journalists say that the government's main "red lines" were the publication of articles on the International Criminal Court's case against the Sudanese president, and on the conflict in Darfur. Now though, the government has a bigger concern — the unity of the Sudanese state.
In January next year, the people of southern Sudan will have a referendum on whether they want to become an independent nation. The right to self-determination was granted to southerners in a 2005 Comprehensive Peace Agreement between the NCP and the main southern political party, the SPLM. In theory, both parties were supposed to spend the six years until the referendum making unity an attractive option.
Country divided
In practice, neither have done so, and there is a widespread belief that next year's vote will see Sudan split in two.
Mariam Sadiq Al Mahdi, spokesperson for the opposition Umma Party, says the NCP cannot afford secession for two reasons. The first is the ensuing loss of resource-rich southern land.
"The government budget is more than 60 per cent dependent on oil, mainly from the south," she says.
Second would be the historical stigma on Al Bashir's government
"They took over a unified country and then it was divided under their rule," she adds.
At the eleventh hour, the NCP is trying desperately shift course — less by actually making unity attractive to southerners, and more by repressing anyone who speaks of secession.
Unity needed
Ministry of Information advisor Rabe'ei Abdul Atti says that it was journalists who forced the government to resume pre-publication censorship, by writing articles in favor of secession. With just six months until the referendum, what matters now is unity.
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