In pictures: On board the Antarctic expedition that reveals dramatic penguin decline

A colony of chinstrap penguins stand on Snow Island, Antarctica. The number of chinstrap penguins in some colonies in Western Antarctica has fallen by as much as 77% since they were last surveyed in the 1970s, say scientists studying the impact of climate change on the remote region.

A colony of chinstrap penguins walk along a mountain on Two Hummock Island, Antarctica. The chinstrap penguin, named after the narrow black band under its head, inhabits the islands and shores of the Southern Pacific and Antarctic Oceans and feeds on krill.

Steve Forrest, a scientist, counts the number of chinstrap penguins in a colony standing on Anvers Island, Antarctica. "The declines that we've seen are definitely dramatic," said Steve Forrest, a conservation biologist who joined a team of scientists from the two US universities of Stony Brook and Northeastern on an Antarctic expedition that has just ended.

Steve Forrest counts the number of chinstrap penguins in a colony standing on Anvers Island, Antarctica. "Something is happening to the fundamental building blocks of the food chain here. We've got less food abundance that's driving these populations down lower and lower over time and the question is, is that going to continue?", said Steve.

Crew members stand aboard the front of the Esperanza ship near Lemaire Channel, Antarctica. The scientists, travelling on two Greenpeace ships, the Esperanza and the Arctic Sunrise, conducted their expedition to Western Antarctica from January 5 to February 8, and used manual and drone surveying techniques to assess the scale of the damage.

A colony of chinstrap penguins gather on Anvers Island, Antarctica. The number of chinstraps at one important habitat in the region, Elephant Island, has plummeted by around 60% since the last survey in 1971, to fewer than 53,000 breeding pairs today, the expedition found.

Greenpeace activists take a walk along the snow during a day off at Orne Harbor, Antarctica. "While several factors may have a role to play, all the evidence we have points to climate change as being responsible for the changes we are seeing," said Heather Lynch, associate professor of ecology and evolution at Stony Brook University.

Small chunks of ice float on the water near Fournier Bay, Antarctica. The World Meteorological Organisation said last week that a research base in Antarctica had recorded the hottest temperature ever for the continent - 18.3 degrees Celsius (64.94 degrees Fahrenheit) - as global warming causes an increase in melting of the ice sheets around the south pole.

A colony of chinstrap penguins walk along a mountain on Two Hummock Island, Antarctica. A pungent smell of penguin excrement informs the scientists that they are nearing a colony even before they can hear the birds' loud, harsh call. The birds have not learned to fear humans, so they mostly ignore their visitors.

The moon shines over icebergs near Fournier Bay, Antarctica. Greenpeace is calling on the United Nations to commit to protect 30% of the world's oceans by 2030, a target called for by scientists and a growing number of governments as the minimum needed to halt the damage being done by harmful human activity. The UN will meet from March 23 to April 3 to try to agree a global ocean treaty, which could then take years to ratify.

A group of chinstrap penguins walk on top of an iceberg floating near Lemaire Channel, Antarctica.

Greenpeace activists play in the snow during a day off at Orne Harbor, Antarctica. "I think we stand to lose much of what we love... like the penguins from Elephant Island, but I think in the end it's what kind of world do we want to live in?" said Frida Bengtsson, Greenpeace Oceans campaigner, off Anvers Island. "Our oceans are incredibly important to regulate our global climate," she added.

A group of gentoo penguins walk along Quentin Point, Anvers Island, Antarctica.

Usnia Granger, a Greenpeace activist, puts on outerwear, aboard the Esperanza ship near Quentin Point, Anvers Island, Antarctica. For 36-year-old Usnia, who worked as a deck hand on the expedition, visiting Antarctica was "a dream come true", though it involved lots of hard work cleaning, painting, mooring and helping to clear away some of the garbage that washes up in Antarctica.

Michael Wethington, a scientist, collects rubbish on Snow Island, Antarctica.

Greenpeace activist Usnia Granger drives a boat near Quentin Point, Anvers Island, Antarctic. "I think climate global chaos is wreaking havoc everywhere and I don't imagine Antarctica will be any different from that," said Usnia. "It feels like a privilege to see it now before it starts to change anymore," Usnia added.

An iceberg floats near Two Hummock Island, Antarctica.

Michael Wethington, a scientist, collects rubbish on Snow Island, Antarctica.

Usnia Granger, a Greenpeace activist, braids her teammate Julia Zanolli's hair, aboard the Esperanza ship, near Lemaire Channel, Antarctica.

A pair of chinstrap penguins swim near Two Hummock Island, Antarctica.