Nomads' mould of prosperity

Lhamotso never learnt to read and write, and she has few marketable skills other than the ability to milk a yak.

Yet she can earn as much as $1,000 a week, an unimaginable fortune for a Tibetan nomad.

With the money, she has bought herself a shiny new Honda motorcycle.

She and her husband gave up their tent for a house they built themselves with solar panels, a satellite dish and television.

The worm, Lhamotso explains, “has changed our lives''.
What Tibetans call the worm is actually not a worm but a fungus — Cordyceps sinensis, to be precise — that feeds on caterpillar larvae.

Or, to give the fungus its more poetic name, “winter worm, summer grass'', because its appearance changes from one to the other with the seasons.

The fungus is a prized ingredient in traditional medicines, with prices in the past few years rocketing to the point where prime specimens are worth their weight in gold, literally, about $900 an ounce.

Even the most ordinary pickings command prices rivalling that of French truffles, another famous fungus.

Because the caterpillar fungus is indigenous only to the 1,000-mile-long Tibetan plateau running from western China to Nepal, the money has hastened the nomads' lurching transition into modernity.

“It is a bit like a gold rush in the Wild West. It's brought enormous wealth to these communities,'' says Andrew Fischer, an economist specialising in Tibet at the London School of Economics.

Rise to fame

For centuries, Tibetan nomads added caterpillar fungus to soups or tea, believing it boosted stamina, endurance, lung capacity and kidney function.

Its use for medicinal purposes was documented as far back as the 14th century.

But the fungus's popularity soared after the 1993 athletics World Championships, when Chinese female athletes broke records in nine track and field events and their coach gave credit to an elixir containing the fungus.

More recently, Houston Rockets basketball star Yao Ming revealed that he too is a fan of the fungus.

Then came the 2003 epidemic of SARS, severe acute respiratory syndrome, which set Asian consumers off on a frenzy of buying anything that might boost immunity.

China last year exported $43 million worth of caterpillar fungus.

In China and abroad, it is touted as a treatment for everything from impotence to ageing.

The centre of the caterpillar fungus trade is in Qinghai province, particularly the Tibetan enclave of Golog.

Here, the bu — Tibetan for worm — is by far the largest source of cash and dictates the pace of daily life.

During the peak fungus-hunting season, schools close to allow children to help. People with jobs shirk work to prospect for riches.

The season runs for about 40 days, beginning in early spring when the snowmelt turns the mountains brown and spongy as though covered with a dirty shag carpet.

Timing is crucial. If you dig too early, you get a live, wriggling caterpillar. It is best to dig after the fungus has killed the larvae.

The best caterpillar fungus is found at higher elevations, places such as Heitushan, the 14,000-foot Black Earth Mountain in Golog, where Lhamotso lives.

The climb is steep — even a nomad used to the elevation will be huffing and puffing — so Lhamotso counts herself lucky to have the motorcycle.

She and her daughters, 10 and 16, pile on and zigzag uphill in a cloud of dust until the terrain gets too rough and they must walk.

Children are useful on the hunt because their sharp eyes allow them to pick the fungus out of the clumps of grass and sodden earth.

Although the dead caterpillar is rather unprepossessing in appearance, it is not nearly as disgusting as it sounds: sort of like a little yellow root with a stalk growing out of the top.

“I think people must be insane to pay so much,'' Lhamotso says. “It's only in the last two years it has gotten so expensive. It's crazy, but it is good for us.''

Lhamotso expects to make at least $6,000 this season — about triple what most Chinese families earn in a year.

Last year's take was enough for Lhamotso and her husband to build their house, the interior wallpapered with photographs from magazines of an assortment of celebrities, movie stars, Mao Zedong and the Dalai Lama.

Over a stove burning dung in the centre of the main room, Lhamotso boils a kettle of water to make yak-butter tea, a salty brew popular here.

The television is the only appliance. The fungus has helped pay for the house, but more important, it has provided the motivation and the money for the education of her younger daughter Hiriti's education.

The family pays $30 every month in tuition at a Buddhist monastery where Hiriti studies Tibetan, Chinese, a little English and math. (Lhamotso says they can afford tuition for one child. Her older daughter helps with chores such as milking yaks.)

The caterpillar fungus has made it painfully apparent to Lhamotso and her husband how crippled they are by a lack of education.

Neither can speak Chinese or do basic math. So they must rely on intermediaries, many of them Muslim traders, to do the counting, weighing, calculating and marketing of their pickings.

“We need to have one person in the family who is educated,'' she says.

Lhamotso is aware that the fungus might not be a reliable source of income for much longer.

The fungus is growing scarcer from over-harvesting and changes in the fragile ecosystem of the Tibetan plateau.

“When I was young, somebody could just walk out of the tent and dig 800 to 900 pieces in a day.

"Now we have to hike three hours up the mountain and the best we do is maybe 50 pieces,'' says Tsering, 38, in a straw hat who was picking one afternoon with Lhamotso and her friends.

Cultivated threat

The bottom could drop out of the market if artificially cultivated caterpillar fungus catches on in Asia, as it has in the United States, where much of the supply is cultivated.

Many people believe that the prices for the fungus are too high and that the bubble will burst soon.

“It is costly because it is rare, it is rare as it is over-exploited,'' says Lin Zhibin, a pharmacology expert at Peking University Health Science Centre.

Another concern is that the digging on the mountains is contributing to soil erosion and desertification that keeps a perpetual cloud of dust swirling around Golog.

Although the caterpillar fungus has given the nomads a financial boost, Tibetan intellectuals remain ambivalent about its benefits to society as a whole.

“It is not good for the environment or for society,'' says Tseten Dargye, a Tibetan educator and a physician in Dawu, one of Golog's main towns. “People have become territorial.''

The problem is that Tibetans themselves have become used to the easy money and the creature comforts it buys — the motorised transit, the houses, the televisions.

“People can't go backwards. For years, it's been like digging up gold, but more valuable,'' says Daodu, 31, a teacher. “People today can't survive without it.''