As we enter the third decade of the 21st century, I’ve been reflecting on the current messy state of affairs in the Middle East and what can be done to move us forward. During the past two decades, I’ve written extensively on the region and exhaustively polled its peoples. I have drawn some of my observations from this work.
Ten years ago, I released Arab Voices: What They Are Saying and Why It Matters. It was based on our polling in the US and across the Arab World during the first decade of the 21st century and discussed what we, in the West, don’t know about the Arab World, why we don’t, and the tragic foreign policy mistakes resulting from our ignorance about the region and its peoples.
What we observed was that there were two seminal events that bracketed and defined that decade: the horrific terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, and the US invasion and occupation of Iraq. Of the two, the Iraq war proved to be the most consequential. Born of hubris and blind ideology, it was the most devastating American foreign policy blunder since Vietnam.
Lasting impact of the war
By the end of the first decade of the 21st century the lasting impact of the war was clear. The US, which had begun this century as the world’s unrivalled superpower, had embroiled itself in a costly, bloody, and needless war that it could never win. Its military had been exhausted. The costs in lives and treasure, both American and Iraqi, had been incalculable. And worldwide respect for the US had suffered immeasurably.
The war had other consequences. It both unleashed sectarian conflict in Iraq, while also empowering and emboldening Iran to meddle in Iraq and beyond. The behaviour of the US occupation also fuelled extremism giving al Qaeda new opportunities to recruit and grow.
One decade after Arab Voices appeared, I released The Tumultuous Decade based on our polling of public opinion during the second decade of the 21st century. What came through clearly was that the negative developments that shaped the first ten years of the century — sectarian conflict in Iraq, aggressive Iranian intervention, and diminished US leadership — were to have an increasingly devastating impact in the century’s second decade. Added to this already unsettled environment was the tumult created by what came to be called the “Arab Spring.”
Bush Administration’s ideologues predicted that a decisive victory in Iraq would result in the US emerging as the uncontested world superpower and democracy spreading across the Middle East. In fact, the opposite had occurred.
The Obama administration began with the great promise of digging the US out of the deep hole it inherited. But the task proved too great for the promises they made. Their missteps in Iraq, followed by their lack of follow-through and loss of interest in the region, not only let wounds fester, but also left the US in a weakened position, unable to play a constructive role.
Making a bad situation worse
The rushed US departure from Iraq exacerbated resentments causing al Qaeda to morph into the even more lethal Daesh. In short order, this movement terrorised its way into controlling a sizeable piece of Iraq.
The Obama Administration fared no better in the rest of the region. They made several promising starts in addressing the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, but faltered. Soon the Obama administration found itself on the horns of a dilemma. They dithered in Egypt, Syria, and Yemen and then intervened in Libya with no intention, or capacity, to follow through, thus contributing to making a bad situation worse.
Iran nuclear deal only served to aggravate regional tensions. It resulted in further emboldening Iran’s regional meddling, while worrying other states who had grown increasingly concerned with Iran’s aggressive and boastful role in Iraq, Syria, and Yemen.
What additionally came to define this decade were the roles being played by politicised or weaponized movements who were preying on deep unrest and causing chaos and conflict in Egypt, Bahrain, Yemen, Syria, Yemen, and, of course, Iraq. Instead of a unipolar world with the US in the lead, the region became a virtual battleground of multipolarity, engaging the US, Russia, Iran, Turkey, and the leading Gulf states.
In a follow-up article I will examine how the Trump administration aggravated the mess they inherited and conclude by presenting some ideas for the Biden administration to consider moving forward.
James J. Zogby is the President of the Arab American Institute
