Would the world be more peaceful if women were in charge? A challenging new book by the Harvard University psychologist Steven Pinker says that the answer is ‘yes'.
In The Better Angels of Our Nature, Pinker presents data showing that human violence, while still very much with us today, has been gradually declining. Moreover, he says, "over the long sweep of history, women have been and will be a pacifying force. Traditional war is a man's game: tribal women never band together to raid neighbouring villages".
As mothers, women have evolutionary incentives to maintain peaceful conditions in which to nurture their offspring and ensure that their genes survive into the next generation.
Sceptics immediately reply that women have not made war simply because they have rarely been in power. If they were empowered as leaders, the conditions of an anarchic world would force them to make the same bellicose decisions that men do. Margaret Thatcher, Golda Meir, and Indira Gandhi were powerful women; all of them led their countries to war.
Psychology
But it is also true that these women rose to leadership by playing according to the political rules of ‘a man's world'. It was their success in conforming to male values that enabled their rise to leadership in the first place. In a world in which women held a proportionate share (one-half) of leadership positions, they might behave differently in power.
So we are left with the broader question: does gender really matter in leadership? In terms of stereotypes, various psychological studies show that men gravitate to the hard power of command, while women are collaborative and intuitively understand the soft power of attraction and persuasion.
Americans tend to describe leadership with tough male stereotypes, but recent leadership studies show increased success for what was once considered a ‘feminine style'.
In information-based societies, networks are replacing hierarchies, and knowledge workers are less deferential. Management in a wide range of organisations is changing in the direction of ‘shared leadership', and ‘distributed leadership', with leaders in the center of a circle rather than atop a pyramid. Former Google CEO Eric Schmidt said that he had to "coddle" his employees.
Even the military faces these changes. In the US, the Pentagon says that army drillmasters do "less shouting at everyone", because today's generation responds better to instructors who play "a more counselling-type role". Military success against terrorists and counter-insurgents requires soldiers to win hearts and minds, not just break buildings and bodies.
Masculine style
Women's non-hierarchical style and relational skills fit a leadership need in the new world of knowledge-based organisations and groups that men, on average, are less well prepared to meet.
In the past, when women fought their way to the top of organisations, they often had to adopt a ‘masculine style', violating the broader social norm of female ‘niceness'. Now, however, with the information revolution and democratisation demanding more participatory leadership, the ‘feminine style' is becoming a path to more effective leadership.
In order to lead successfully, men will not only have to value this style in their women colleagues, but will also have to master the same skills.
That is a trend, not (yet) a fact. Women still lag in leadership positions, holding only 5 per cent of top corporate positions and a minority of positions in elected legislatures (just 16 per cent in the US, for example, compared to 45 per cent in Sweden).
One study of the 1,941 rulers of independent countries during the 20th century found only 27 women, roughly half of whom came to power as widows or daughters of a male ruler.
Less than 1 per cent of 20th-century rulers were women who gained power on their own.
So, given the new conventional wisdom in leadership studies that entering the information age means entering a woman's world, why are women not doing better?
Lack of experience, primary caregiver responsibilities, bargaining style, and plain old discrimination all help to explain the gender gap. Traditional career paths, and the cultural norms that constructed and reinforced them, simply have not enabled women to gain the skills required for top leadership positions in many organisational contexts.
Research shows that even in democratic societies, women face a higher social risk than men when attempting to negotiate for career-related resources such as compensation. Women are generally not well integrated into male networks that dominate organisations, and gender stereotypes still hamper women who try to overcome such barriers.
This bias is beginning to break down in information-based societies, but it is a mistake to identify the new type of leadership we need in an information age simply as ‘a woman's world'. Even positive stereotypes are bad for women, men, and effective leadership.
Leaders should be viewed less in terms of heroic command than as encouraging participation throughout an organisation, group, country, or network. Questions of appropriate style — when to use hard and soft skills — are equally relevant for men and women, and should not be clouded by traditional gender stereotypes.
In some circumstances, men will need to act more ‘like women'; in others, women will need to be more ‘like men'.
The key choices about war and peace in our future will depend not on gender, but on how leaders combine hard- and soft-power skills to produce smart strategies. Both men and women will make those decisions.
Joseph S. Nye Jr., a former US assistant secretary of defence, is a professor at Harvard and the author most recently of The Future of Power.
