On October 5, after years of exhausting — and exhaustive — haggling, a dozen Pacific Rim countries finally signed up to the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP), an agreement that promises everything from more trade to a cleaner environment.
The negotiations were such that the hair of Akira Amari, Japan’s economic and fiscal policy minister, turned completely grey. His solace, however, is that the TPP will prove to be a key foundation stone of the “Asian Century”.
The TPP’s origins, pre-dating Amari’s involvement, go back to a 2006 trade agreement among only Singapore, New Zealand, Chile, and Brunei — the so-called “Pacific 4”. The US, Australia, Peru, and Vietnam, seeing the prospect of a rules-based international order in Asia, joined the talks in March 2010, and in an instant the P-4’s small boat became a great ocean liner.
And then it became a convoy, as Malaysia, Mexico, Canada, and finally — in 2013 — Japan joined the negotiations. Combined, the TPP economies account for some 40 per cent of world GDP, outstripping the largest existing free-trade area, the European Union.
Once the TPP enters into effect, its impact on the global economy will undoubtedly be monumental — even without the participation of China, which on a purchasing-power-parity basis is now the world’s biggest economy.
China’s exclusion was no accident. Its huge and complex economy would have injected insuperable problems into the talks. In response, China has launched its “Silk Road” initiative to create an economic zone that will favour its own priorities.
It is also seeking greater trade cooperation with European countries. One example is President Xi Jinping’s recent visit to the UK — which in essence is also an attempt to weaken Britain’s “special relationship” with the US by creating a cat’s cradle of trade, financial, and investment ties with Britain.
It is worth noting that Xi had already lured the UK into supporting — against American advice — the new, China-led Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank.
But, as Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe’s recent call for talks with China on the issue confirm, the TPP is not off-limits to China — or to other Asian economies. South Korea is warming to the idea of the TPP, as is Indonesia, following President Joko Widodo’s recent visit to Washington, DC.
For Japan, the TPP is vital to achieve economic liberalisation — the third arrow of “Abenomics”, the government’s programme to revitalise the country’s ailing economy. The legislation to enact the TPP will simply push aside the lobbies and vested interests that have been so effective in slowing down or diverting piecemeal reforms.
The promise of greater exchange of goods, services, and capital across the Pacific, as well as the creation of international standards (for example, for intellectual-property rights), is simply too appealing to ignore. When Japan and other Asian countries weigh the risk of implementing the TPP against the risk of not participating, the risk of not participating is overwhelmingly higher.
Japan’s political challenge will be to sell the TPP to its voters, especially the farm lobby. The customs duty on beef imports, for example, is currently 38.5 per cent. It will be 27.5 per cent in the first year after the TPP takes effect, and will then be gradually lowered to 9 per cent in the agreement’s 16th year.
That should surely provide more than enough time for Japanese beef ranchers to prepare themselves for foreign competition (of the 870,000 tonnes of beef imported annually, 520,000 tonnes come from Australia, the US, and New Zealand).
And it will certainly be a boon for consumers, as the price of their beef-noodle soup and sukiyaki falls dramatically.
Japan’s ranchers do need time to adjust. Because they deal with animals, shortcuts cannot be taken, and there are limits to mechanisation, particularly in creating the type of beef that Japanese consumers demand. Whereas ranchers in Australia and the US have huge herds of cattle, Japanese ranchers raise each individual cow on beer and massages.
As a result, they will never be able to compete on price, and thus will need to emphasise quality, most likely through much improved branding and marketing.
The same applies to rice. Rumour has it that when the wife of a certain Chinese leader visited Japan, she bought a delicious variety of Japanese rice by the tonne. Taking advantage of the worldwide sushi boom, Japan needs to emphasise that “real sushi requires Japanese rice”, branding it an exclusive product.
Sceptics should note that Italy has already succeeded in this, with top-tier restaurants around the world advertising that they use genuine Italian pasta.
In fact, regardless of whether or not the TPP is implemented, Japan’s farmers must pursue this approach to secure their futures, rather than hoping that protective subsidies continue ad infinitum. Under the logic of the TPP, the terraced rice fields that make up Japan’s beautiful landscape cannot be protected.
So why not protect our landscape as a resource for tourism — and even as a way of combating climate change?
But now comes the truly hard part. The TPP has been signed — but it will not be implemented unless and until it is ratified by the legislatures of countries such as the US and Canada. That process could well be enough to turn Amari’s grey hair white.
The writer, Japan’s former defence minister and national security adviser, was Chairwoman of Japan’s Liberal Democratic Party’s General Council.
Project Syndicate
