A surprising phenomenon is increasingly apparent in western Europe: Far-right parties are moving away from their traditional anti-communist and anti-Russia ideologies, with many expressing admiration — and even outright support — for Russian President Vladimir Putin’s regime.
To be sure, several former and current European political leaders have sought to ally themselves with Putin’s regime. Former German Chancellor Gerhard Schroder, for example, joined the board of the Nord Stream gas-pipeline project (ensuring Germany direct access to Russian supplies via the Baltic Sea) immediately after leaving office. Similarly, The Economist described former Czech President Vaclav Klaus, a prominent Euro-sceptic, as one of Putin’s “warmest admirers abroad”. But opportunism is not ideological affinity.
By contrast, Germany’s far-right National Democratic Party has demonstrated nostalgia for East German virtues, calling the defunct German Democratic Republic “a better Germany” than the Federal Republic. In 2011, the NPD officially merged with another far-right party, the German People’s Union, which has long been linked to Russia’s Liberal Democratic Party (LDPR) and its founder and leader, the ultra-nationalist Vladimir Zhirinovsky.
While Zhirinovsky has long been a prominent member of Putin’s opposition, he has displayed similarly authoritarian tendencies, for example, by promising to establish a police state if elected president. And his communist links are clear.
Not only was the LDPR’s establishment a joint project of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and the KGB, but Zhirinovsky has also advocated returning to Germany the eastern territories – including much of Poland and the Baltic region — that it lost in the Second World War.
In France, the extreme right’s shifting allegiances are even more pronounced, exemplified in its budding friendship with the new Russia. In a 2011 interview, Marine Le Pen, leader of the National Front, conveyed her admiration for Putin, before announcing that, if she were elected president in 2012, France would leave Nato and seek a trilateral alliance with Germany and Russia.
Moreover, Marion Marechal-Le Pen, Le Pen’s niece and one of the party’s two MPs, is a prominent member of the National Front-sponsored France-Europe-Russia group, which advocates a ‘multipolar’ — or, more accurately, a less American — world.
Last December, Marechal-Le Pen allegedly visited Aleksey Pushkov, chairman of the Duma’s international affairs committee and a reputed Putinist hardliner.
Given Putinism’s uncertain ideological roots, this turn toward Russia might seem puzzling. After all, Putinism is characterised less by what it endorses than by what it opposes — the West and western-style democracy, liberalism, communism, and individualism.
Negative agenda
In fact, western Europe’s extreme-right parties’ attraction to Putin’s negative agenda can be understood in relation to another authoritarian anti-ideology: Benito Mussolini’s fascism. According to Mussolini’s 1932 essay La dottrina del fascismo (The Doctrine of Fascism), written with the philosopher Giovanni Gentile, fascism opposes democracy, socialism, liberalism, and individualism (in addition to Bolshevism, parliamentarianism, Freemasonry, pacifism, and egalitarianism).
But, while Putinism and Italian fascism share the rare characteristic of rejecting both communist and democratic ideologies, there is an important distinction in their approach to the latter. While Mussolini formally declared fascism to be anti-democratic, Putin does not openly reject democracy, or explicitly advocate a one-party state. Rather, he claims to have established a “managed” or “sovereign” democracy — a system that prevents the alternation of power, thereby establishing a one-party state as a matter of fact, if not of principle.
In this sense, Putinism can serve as a model for extreme-right parties, which, in post-Second World War Europe, cannot openly advocate an authoritarian regime or a one-party system.
Indeed, Putinism is demonstrating how to manipulate the rules of parliamentary democracy — by which all of Europe’s political parties have been forced to play since the Second World War’s end — to serve authoritarian objectives.
Putin’s public image as a strong and virile adventurer, captured in photos depicting him fishing and hunting shirtless, reinforces his appeal as a powerful, charismatic leader. (Similarly, Mussolini was filmed bare-chested, harvesting corn.) And a clear parallel exists between Putin’s close relationship with the conservative, ultra-nationalist Russian Orthodox Church and the National Front’s connection to integrist Catholic circles.
Furthermore, western Europe’s extreme right can learn from Putin’s management of his youth organisation, Nashi. Unlike the Soviet Union’s Komsomol, which had all but ceased to serve as an ideological tool for the Communist Party by the time the USSR collapsed, Nashi has been accused of harassing diplomats and the regime’s opponents — suggesting a closer resemblance to the Hitler Youth or even Mussolini’s Blackshirts.
Indeed, while Nashi seems more like a collection of roguish hooligans, its members do receive paramilitary training to complement their ultra-nationalist ideological indoctrination.
Putinism presents a clever and effective model of a right-wing authoritarian regime that can function within modern Europe’s sociopolitical constraints — one that western Europe’s extreme-right seems keen to emulate. Let us hope that these forces do not make common cause with Europe’s more unscrupulous mainstream political leaders.
— Project Syndicate, 2013
Marcel H. Van Herpen, Director of the Cicero Foundation, is the author of Putinism — The Slow Rise of a Radical Right Regime in Russia.
