Financial fallout: Top 10 stock scams that shook the world, from Madoff to Enron to Bre-X Gold

Stock prices rise and fall, with investor sentiment. That’s normal in any market. But deliberate stock price manipulation is an entirely different banana altogether. It often involves fraud, insider trading, pump-and-dump schemes, or outright rigging.

They undermine markets. They pose serious consequences for investors as well as regulators. From the infamous Madoff and Enron scandals to the Bre-X and Theranos scam, these cases serve as cautionary tales for investors and regulators alike.

The spotlight eventually exposes such Ponzi schemes, which are sometimes backed by accounting fraud.

After investors suffer immense financial losses, victims of such crimes are unlikely to get most of the money back. Legal consequences and criminal charges often follow.

Buckle up for an exploration of these infamous scams and their far-reaching impacts. Most notorious stock fraud cases and the estimated losses:

Bernard Lawrence "Bernie" Madoff was an American financier who executed the largest Ponzi scheme in history, defrauding thousands of investors out of an estimated $65 billion over the course of at least 17 years. Madoff Investment Securities LLC promised investors consistently high returns. The scheme collapsed in 2008.

Enron Corp, once a powerhouse in the energy industry, became infamous for its massive accounting fraud that led to its bankruptcy in 2001. Estimates suggest that the total cost of the scandal exceeded $60 billion. Through a complex web of deceptive practices, Enron executives inflated the company's profits and hid its mounting debt, misleading investors and creditors. Many executives were convicted and sentenced to prison.

The Italian food conglomerate Parmalat was involved in a massive accounting fraud, hiding billions of euros in debt. The scandal involved a massive scheme that had been going on for years, involving fake accounting, embezzlement, and false statements to regulators.

Several executives were arrested and convicted. Reuters reported losses amounting to 14 billion euros ($18.6 billion) from this debacle.

WorldCom's executives inflated the company's revenue by improperly classifying expenses as capital expenditures. This led to a massive accounting fraud that resulted in bankruptcy and criminal charges.

The total amount of fraud was estimated to be around $11 billion. Several top executives at WorldCom were convicted of fraud and sentenced to prison.

Elizabeth Holmes, founder of Theranos, was accused of defrauding investors by making false claims about the company's blood-testing technology. At its peak (in 2013 and 2014), the company had a market valuation of $10 billion.

US media reported that investors in Theranos included Walmart's founding Walton family ($150 million), media mogul Rupert Murdoch (about $120 million), former US Secretary of Education Betsy DeVos ($100 million), Henry Kissinger ($3 million). Holmes was convicted of wire fraud and sentenced to 11 years in prison.

In 1993, Bre-X geologist Michael de Guzman claimed a massive gold discovery in Indonesia. This sparked a frenzy, driving stock prices sky-high. However, de Guzman's mysterious death and subsequent investigations revealed the discovery was a hoax.

The scandal caused Bre-X's collapse and numerous lawsuits, but no one has been held accountable. In 2005, there were reports that de Guzman was alive, but nothing came out of it.

The Wirecard scandal was a series of corrupt business practices and fraudulent financial reporting that led to the insolvency of Wirecard, a payment processor and financial services provider, headquartered in Munich. The German payments firm filed for insolvency in 2020 after disclosing a €1.9 billion ($2.1 billion) hole in its accounts.

Its former boss, Markus Braun, went on trial accused of involvement in the biggest fraud case in German history. On June 25, 2020, Wirecard filed for insolvency, owing creditors almost $4 billion after disclosing a gaping hole in its books, Reuters reported.

It was a huge corporate fraud committed in 2009 by Ramalinga Raju, the founder and chairman of Satyam Computer Services. He admitted to exaggerating sales, earnings, cash balances, and personnel numbers in the company's books.

Raju also acknowledged siphoning off money from the firm for his personal use. Scientific Research Open Access (SCIRP) estimates that investors lost up $2.82 billion in this scam.

HealthSouth was involved in accounting fraud, with earnings overstated by anywhere from $3.8 billion to $4.6 billion over several years. This false information drove inflated market values for the firm, which attracted more capital investment.

That capital came from individual investors as well as institutional money. Investigators found that since 1999 the company systematically overstated its earnings by at least $1.4 billion in order to meet or exceed Wall Street earnings expectations. The false increases in earnings were matched by false increases in its assets.

In 2007, HealthSouth official Richard Scrushy was sentenced to nearly seven years in prison for bribery. While serving his sentence in a Texas prison, a civil court found him liable for the HealthSouth accounting fraud. After serving about five years of his sentence, Scrushy was released from prison.

Tyco's executives were accused of looting the company through fraudulent expense reimbursements and unauthorised loans. Tyco's stock plunged from $60 per share in January 2002 to $18 per share in December 2002. Many of the firm's 260,000 employees were also shareholders and watched their savings go up in smoke.

Several executives were convicted and sentenced to prison. Richard Scalzo, the PriceWaterhouse auditor who signed off on Tyco's 2002 audit, was fired.